Dr. Scott Helfstein joined an esteemed panel of terrorism scholars including Audrey Kurth Cronin, David Rapoport, Michael Kenney and Thomas Hegghammer to discuss the diffusion and terrorism at the 2013 International Studies Association Annual Conference. Chaired by Dr. Cronin, the panelists provided different perspectives on the spread of terrorism, its underlying ideologies and the use of technology. Dr. Helfstein argued countervailing forces, be they normative or military, limits the application of standard diffusion models.